Desafío
El mundo se enfrenta un desafío fundamental: satisfacer la creciente demanda de energía necesaria para consolidar e impulsar las economías y erradicar la pobreza, mientras se reducen drásticamente las emisiones de carbono y se conservan los ecosistemas y las comunidades dependientes de los ríos. La realidad del cambio climático exige que el mundo haga la transición a un futuro energético más sostenible.
La energía hidroeléctrica es una fuente de energía renovable con baja huella de carbono, pero que a menudo ha estado vinculada a altos impactos sociales (desplazamientos de comunidades) y ambientales (daños y pérdidas de ecosistemas riparios y beneficios derivados). El desarrollo de la energía hidroeléctrica se enfrenta al desafío de proponer alternativas creíbles para disminuir la necesidad de grandes presas.
Se requiere un enfoque a nivel de cuenca o escala de sistema para el desarrollo de la energía hidroeléctrica para garantizar resultados sostenibles de los proyectos hidroeléctricos en todo el mundo. Los enfoques de planificación del paisaje, que integran las demandas ambientales y otros usos y usuarios, pueden sustentar los servicios del ecosistema y ofrecer el potencial de amplios beneficios económicos además de la generación de energía, como el suministro de agua, la gestión del riesgo de inundaciones, el riego y el hábitat para los peces migratorios y la biodiversidad. Además, proporciona una plataforma para involucrar mejor los proyectos con las partes interesadas y otros proyectos que operan en la misma cuenca. Para respaldar un enfoque a escala de sistema, se necesitan evaluaciones de los recursos hídricos a nivel de cuenca, teniendo en cuenta estos posibles beneficios.
Enfoque FutureWater
FutureWater está desarrollando de manera propia herramientas avanzadas de última generación que se están aplicando en una amplia gama de proyectos hidroeléctricos sostenibles. Dependiendo del contexto y los temas de interés, se seleccionan una herramienta y fuentes de datos, que incluyen conjuntos de datos de detección remota en la extensión de los glaciares para áreas de alta montaña, conjuntos de datos de reanálisis para obtener datos climáticos globales consistentes, y modelos hidrológicos y de asignación óptima de recursos.
Por ejemplo, para pequeños proyectos hidroeléctricos de escurrimiento de ríos en áreas de alta montaña, FutureWater aplica el modelo glacio-hidrológico SPHY para cuantificar las curvas de duración del flujo y recurrencia de inundaciones extremas. En ocasiones, este modelo es forzado con escenarios y pronósticos de cambio climático escalados regionalmente para evaluar los riesgos climáticos y su impacto en la generación de energía hidroeléctrica, y analizar estrategias de actuación para incrementar la resiliencia de los sistemas y activos hidroeléctricos.
Para los enfoques de planificación de paisajes a nivel de cuenca, FutureWater tiene una amplia experiencia en la evaluación del potencial de las actividades de Gestión Sostenible de la Tierra en una cuenca, sus costos y beneficios, su impacto en la generación de energía hidroeléctrica y las demandas y suministros de otros usos y usuarios y flujos ambientales. Para apoyar el diálogo con las partes interesadas y proporcionar evidencia cuantitativa sobre posibles casos de negocios para esquemas de reparto de ingresos, el análisis de retorno de la inversión puede realizarse y presentarse de manera que sea comprensible y transparente para un público amplio.
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