Desafío
Las montañas actúan como «torres de agua» capaces de almacenar y liberan agua a los piedemontes y valles donde se concentran los oasis de riego y ambientales. En comparación con las generadas en los piedemontes y valles, las altas montañas generan una escorrentía mayor y continua en el tiempo, debido a las precipitaciones orográficas y a la fusión y deshielo de los mantos nivales y glaciares. Debido a su capacidad de amortiguación y liberación lenta de agua durante los periodo de alta temperaturas, las montañas proporcionan un suministro de agua relativamente constante a los piedemontes y valles (Immerzeel et al., 2019; Viviroli et al., 2003). Esta agua se utiliza para el sostenimiento de ecosistemas naturales y de oasis de riego extremadamente fértiles (Contreras et al., 2011; Biemans et al., 2019), para fines domésticos e industriales, y para generar la mayor parte de la energía hidroeléctrica disponible (Gernaat et al., 2017; Hoes et al., 2017)
Las cadenas montañosas son sistemas muy vulnerables al cambio climático, y más aún cuánto mayor es la altitud, ya que la temperatura aumenta más rápidamente en estas regiones que en las áreas circundantes (Pepin et al., 2015), afectando de manera muy incisiva al almacenamiento de agua en forma de hielo y nieve (Kraaijenbrink et al., 2017). Esto conduce a cambios en los regímenes hidrológicos con cambios estacionales y una respuesta hidrológica más rápida (Huss y Hock, 2018; Lutz et al., 2014). Por otro lado, la presión sobre los recursos hídricos de alta montaña aumentará con la creciente demanda de agua en los piedemontes y valles dependientes. El cambio climático también conduce a un aumento del clima extremo en las montañas, que ya se caracterizan por el clima extremo frecuente en la actualidad. Esto aumenta fuertemente el riesgo de inundaciones y deslizamientos de tierra.
En resumen, las regiones montañosas y sus áreas de piedemonte y valles circundantes están sujetas a fuertes cambios futuros, que deben tenerse en cuenta en la adaptación al cambio climático y las decisiones de inversión.
Enfoque FutureWater
FutureWater tiene una experiencia única en hidrología de montaña líder en el mundo. Esta experiencia se utiliza en investigación y consultoría, donde implementamos con frecuencia nuestro modelo SPHY, que tiene fortalezas específicas para simular la hidrología de alta montaña en condiciones de escasez de datos. Desarrollamos proyecciones de la disponibilidad futura de agua, brindamos información detallada sobre los cambios esperados en la estacionalidad del suministro de agua y podemos evaluar cómo estos coinciden con los cambios futuros en la demanda de agua. Para el sector hidroeléctrico, proporcionamos proyecciones detalladas de flujo futuro y generación de energía para ayudar a las decisiones de inversión, y brindamos evaluaciones de riesgo climático en regiones montañosas para una variedad de sectores. Brindamos investigación y asesoramiento a escalas que van desde cuencas individuales hasta grandes cuencas fluviales. Nuestras evaluaciones no se detienen en la transición de las tierras altas a las tierras bajas, pero establecemos el vínculo entre aguas arriba y aguas abajo para brindar asesoramiento sobre la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos y la consideración del nexo agua-alimentos-energía.
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