Desafío
Satisfacer las demandas de alimentos y fibra de una población mundial en crecimiento es un desafío considerable. Hasta la fecha, la agricultura de regadío ha sido responsable del 40% de la producción total de alimentos y fibra a nivel mundial, mientras que utiliza solo el 18% de la tierra cultivable del mundo (Schultz et al., 2009). Sin embargo, los requisitos de riego representan casi el 70% de las extracciones totales de agua dulce del mundo (FAO, 2013) y han alterado significativamente las condiciones hidrológicas y ambientales en los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos (Döll et al., 2009; Kirby et al., 2014 ; Restrepo y Kettner, 2012; Zeng y Cai, 2014). Esto ha generado críticas y debates sobre la insostenibilidad de la agricultura de regadío. Los administradores de riego a menudo deben justificar el uso, la eficiencia y la productividad del agua en competencia y comparación con otros usos y usuarios. El desafío es mejorar las decisiones de asignación de agua para reducir los impactos ambientales negativos, sin dejar de satisfacer las demandas de alimentos y fibra. Hasta la fecha, la investigación y las inversiones se han orientado principalmente hacia la aplicación de tecnologías de alta rentabilidad y de agricultura de precisión, y técnicas ecológicas para lograr el uso sostenible del agua en el desarrollo agrícola (Baumüller, 2018; Chuchra, 2016; Far y Rezaei-Moghaddam, 2018; King, 2017; Nikouei et al., 2012; Pareeth et al., 2019). Dicha tendencia ha sido respaldada por varios objetivos interrelacionados en la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, en particular el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 6: Garantizar la disponibilidad y la gestión sostenible del agua; ODS 2: acabar con el hambre, lograr la seguridad alimentaria, mejorar la nutrición y promover la agricultura sostenible y ODS 13: tomar medidas para combatir el cambio climático y sus impactos. El gran desafío es mejorar la agricultura de riego local para lograr los objetivos de los ODS interconectados. Se debe implementar el equilibrio correcto entre aumentar la producción agrícola y reducir los impactos ambientales para mantener de manera segura nuestros recursos hídricos y satisfacer las crecientes demandas de alimentos y fibra.
El sector agrícola tiene como objetivo satisfacer la creciente demanda de alimentos al tiempo que reduce el consumo de agua asociado, que es esencial para las regiones que se enfrentan situaciones de escasez severa de agua. Tanto la producción de alimentos como el agua están integradas en el indicador «productividad del agua», también conocido comúnmente como «eficiencia en el uso del agua». Este término proporciona información sobre la cantidad de producción agrícola lograda con el agua consumida a través de la evapotranspiración. La productividad del agua se utiliza como un indicador de rendimiento para diversos fines, entre los que se incluyen (entre otros): cuantificar las mejoras realizadas mediante la implementación de buenas prácticas; identificar ubicaciones de alta productividad del agua; y determinar el potencial de mejora a través del análisis de brecha de rendimiento. El desafío para este campo de rápido crecimiento es 1) desarrollar datos espaciales de alta calidad sobre la productividad del agua y 2) traducir esta información en aplicaciones prácticas para apoyar al sector agrícola en la toma de decisiones.
Enfoque FutureWater
FutureWater tiene como objetivo proporcionar investigación y consultoría para ayudar a mejorar la gestión de los recursos hídricos en todo el mundo a través de la aplicación de nuevas herramientas y tecnología. Particularmente en proyectos de riego, el enfoque consiste en integrar conjuntos de datos hidrometeorológicos de estaciones terrestres y sensores remotos, y simulaciones de modelos hidrológicos y de cultivos para mejorar la evaluación de la disponibilidad de agua y la demanda colocada en áreas irrigadas. También se utilizan conjuntos de datos hidrometeorológicos procedentes de satélites y sensores aéreos no tripulados para apoyar las decisiones de asignación de agua y entregar evaluaciones oportunas de los recursos hídricos en grandes regiones, pero también a nivel de parcela. Como consecuencia de estas evaluaciones, se puede proporcionar asesoramiento sobre la programación del riego, la idoneidad de los cultivos y la planificación del área de riego en función de los escenarios de impacto considerando la variabilidad climática y el cambio climático. Gracias al uso de sistemas y modelos de información geográfica de última generación, es posible obtener información espacialmente distribuida para diferentes niveles de asesoramiento (por ejemplo, nivel de parcela, distrito de riego o nivel de cuenca). A través de estas herramientas, FutureWater proporciona consejos de riego de elevada precisión en muchas áreas del mundo, ayudando a contribuir al logro de los objetivos de los ODS.
El enfoque adoptado en FutureWater para calcular la productividad del agua es a través de la integración de imágenes de teledetección y modelado de cultivos. Las imágenes de teledetección proporcionan observaciones espaciales de la superficie, obtenidas a través de plataformas satelitales o sensores aéreos no tripulados (UAV). El tipo de imágenes se selecciona según la resolución espacial requerida y la frecuencia temporal de las observaciones (intervalos de tiempo). Posteriormente, las imágenes se combinan con observaciones de campo y modelos de cultivos para hacer un cálculo del rendimiento del cultivo, el balance hídrico y, en última instancia, la productividad del agua. Como complemento de este enfoque, los análisis se realizan utilizando bases de datos de acceso abierto que proporcionan información espacial sobre la productividad del agua, el consumo de agua o la clasificación de la cobertura del suelo. En última instancia, los resultados se presentan para uso práctico, como en mapas de campo o de cuenca que indican la variación espacial, gráficos y otras ilustraciones para monitorear tendencias, o aplicaciones integradas (teléfonos inteligentes / tabletas) para ayudar al trabajo de extensión de los agricultores. La productividad del agua como herramienta de monitoreo y servicio de asesoramiento se puede aplicar a diferentes escalas espaciales y para varias partes interesadas: distribución sobre las áreas agrícolas en una cuenca fluvial, monitoreo de ODS (6.4) a escala nacional, distritos de riego, comerciales y pequeños agricultores.
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The project has shown how modern analytical tools such Remote Sensing, GIS and simulation models can help to swiftly obtain data to support the water management decision making process. A diagnosis of the Rio Bravo and Northern Central Aquifers has been made to demonstrate management options as well as how...
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Adaptation to Climate Change for Agriculture in The Gambia
Methodology Development of adaptation benefit-cost framework: The framework was developed in a manner to make it possible to isolate development- and climate-related benefits and costs of individual projects and to assess the sensitivity of adaptation benefits and costs to the uncertainty inherent in regional climate change scenarios. Development of analytical tools and procedures: The project...
