Concepto
Muchos modelos de simulación de agua de cultivos, a veces también denominados modelos agrohidrológicos, están actualmente disponibles. Los conceptos del modelo, las ecuaciones y la teoría subyacente de estos modelos son a menudo muy divergentes.
Algunos códigos de simulación utilizan principalmente ecuaciones empíricas para describir los procesos, mientras que otros modelos incluyen ecuaciones más complejas para capturar un determinado cultivo o respuesta del agua en el suelo. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los modelos contienen una mezcla de conceptos empíricos y teóricos.
Para los componentes de crecimiento de cultivos de los modelos, la distinción principal que se puede hacer en términos de sus ecuaciones subyacentes, depende si son::
- Basados en la eficiencia de uso de radiación (o luz),,
- Basados en fotosíntesis, o
- Basados en la eficiencia del uso del agua.
Dependiendo del análisis requerido, la pregunta de investigación y la disponibilidad de datos, se debe elegir el modelo correcto.
Los conceptos detrás del modelado de la dinámica del agua del suelo varían desde el uso de un modelo simple de llenado de cubetas hasta aquellos que resuelven algoritmos más complejos basados en las ecuaciones de Richards. El impacto del estrés hídrico en el crecimiento de los cultivos a menudo se describe mediante (i) un concepto de cubeta a través de la respuesta al estrés (ii) inducida por el potencial de Richards.
FutureWater emplea modelos de simulación de agua para cultivos en diversos contextos y aplicaciones. El modelo de elección depende de cada proyecto y análisis requerido. Los modelos de uso común son, por ejemplo: SWAP (Suelo, Agua, Atmósfera y Planta), el módulo de cultivo de la Herramienta de Evaluación de Agua del Suelo (SWAT) y AquaCrop de la FAO.
Aplicaciones FutureWater
Modelos de agua de cultivo y teledetección
Los modelos de simulación de agua de cultivos proporcionan predicciones sobre el desarrollo y crecimiento de los cultivos. La teledetección se puede utilizar para medir el desarrollo del cultivo mediante índices como NDVI, Leaf Area Index (LAI) y Canopy Cover.
FutureWater utiliza información de detección remota sobre el estado del cultivo para mejorar los modelos de simulación de agua del cultivo, lo que lleva a resultados más precisos y realistas. Se puede utilizar información basada en satélites, que tiene la ventaja de que puede proporcionar series de tiempo largas y consistentes. Pero también, la detección remota basada en el sensor de vuelo puede proporcionar estimaciones útiles de alta resolución del desarrollo del cultivo.
Por ejemplo, Canopy Cover puede extraerse de estas imágenes y usarse en combinación con modelos de productividad de agua de cultivos para evaluar los rendimientos y la productividad del agua.
Modelos de agua de cultivo e impactos del cambio climático.
Los modelos de simulación de agua de cultivo pueden usarse para evaluar los impactos del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria. Para evaluar los impactos del cambio climático en la producción de cultivos, se debe considerar una combinación de factores, principalmente: stress debido a la temperatura, cambios en la disponibilidad de agua y cambios en el CO2 que afectan la asimilación de la biomasa.
Por lo general, este tipo de análisis requiere que se realice una gran cantidad de simulaciones en varias dimensiones: horizontes temporales, regiones, tipos de cultivos, tipos de suelo, entre otros. FutureWater ha realizado este tipo de análisis para diferentes regiones agroclimáticas en el mundo y diferentes escalas de interés (regional a global). FutureWater presenta los resultados de este tipo de análisis de manera entendible para los tomadores de decisiones.
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